Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death and disease burden globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for the major part of death related to NCDs followed by different types of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diabetes. As the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations have announced a 25% reduction in mortality of NCDs by 2025, different communities need to adopt preventive strategies for achieving this goal. Personalized medicine approach as a predictive and preventive strategy aims for a better therapeutic goal to the patients to maximize benefits and reduce harms. The clinical benefits of this approach are already realized in cancer targeted therapy, and its impact on other conditions needs more studies in different societies. In this review, we essentially describe the concept of personalized (or precision) medicine in association with NCDs and the future of precision medicine in prediction, prevention, and personalized treatment.

Non-communicable diseases as a leading cause of death have a surveillance system in most countries. This is disturbed by the emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019. In this regard, health system managers at decision-making levels tried to overcome this problem. Therefore, strategies to deal with this issue and bring the surveillance system to an ideal state were proposed and considered.

Background: Non-communicable diseases cause more than 60% of disease burden and 70% death by 2020. NCD risk factors surveillance system is a global strategy to combat with this problem in the world. It has been established since 2004 in Iran.Methods: The first national surveillance risk factors of Non-communicable disease (SURFNCD) run as a cross sectional study on 89000 populations by applying who stepwise approach in January and February 2005. Result: The prevalence of common risk factors were 14.2 current smokers, 32.5% did exercise at least 10 minutes in their free time in ages 15-64 yr, 7.7 diabetics and 25.2 hypertensive in ages 25-64 yr. Obesity, overweight and hypercholesterolemia were 14.8, 28.6 and 15.1, respectively in ages 15-64 yr.Conclusion: Implementation of this system is one of the main concerns of Iranian prototype surveillance system and international concerned bodies such as World Health Organization. Multi-pronged policy and programmatic interventions promoting for maximum effectiveness are needed to conduct.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic disorder, which leads to early Cardio Vascular Disease and diabetes type II. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Kurdistan, Iran.Method: The data was extracted from provincial section of Iranian national non-communicable surveillance survey conducted in 2005. The study was a population-based survey with multi-stage cluster sampling method. Adult Treatment Panel-III measures were used for assessing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among residents of Kurdistan Province aged 25 to 64 yr. EPI-Info 6 was used to enter the data and the data was analyzed using SPSS 11.5.Results: Totally, 1194 participants were recruited in our survey. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 29.1%.The prevalence was 41.3% among women and 17.1% among men (P=0.001). As we go higher among age groups, the prevalence increases.Conclusion: This is the first study to investigate the metabolic syndrome in Kurdistan and Kurd ethnicity. The high level of metabolic syndromes prevalence especially among women shows the need and importance of suitable and effective preventive programs. These preventive programs must promote changes in lifestyle, especially with respect to nutrition, physical activities, and control of blood pressure.

Background: Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) are still the major cause of mortality and morbidity in young adults. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of neonatal characteristics on NCD development. Methods: A questionnaire was assessed to evaluate the influence of cesarean section (CS), breastfeeding and prematurity on development of some NCDs. The questionnaire was distributed through an online form. Results: We received 6, 379 responses. According to data, CS was not associated with the development of asthma and allergies, celiac disease, type I and II diabetes or obesity and a tendency to be overweight. The study revealed an inverse association between breastfeeding and risk of asthma and allergies, type II diabetes, obesity and a tendency to be overweight. No association was found in relation to type I diabetes or celiac disease. Preterm birth was not associated with development of asthma and allergy, celiac disease or type I and II diabetes, but seems to have a protective role in the development of obesity. Conclusions: Many neonatal characteristics could influence the development of NCDs during life. These characteristics could have a direct or indirect influence on neonatal gut establishment with subsequent health implications later in life. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our conclusions.